Applications and Prospects of Lactic Acid and Polylactic Acid (PLA)

Lactic acid is a natural organic acid and the smallest chiral molecule found in nature. It exists in two stereoisomeric forms in the natural world. Lactic acid is widely used in traditional fields such as food, feed, pharmaceuticals, and the chemical industry. It can be used as a preservative, flavoring agent, pH regulator, bacteriostatic agent, moisturizer, cleaning agent, growth promoter, and calcium supplement, among other uses.

Polylactic acid (PLA), as a derivative of lactic acid, is an environmentally friendly and biodegradable thermoplastic material sourced from renewable plant resources, such as corn. PLA exhibits excellent biodegradability, superior physical and mechanical properties, as well as good biocompatibility and safety. This makes PLA widely applied in various fields such as food packaging, medical devices, plastic products, and textiles. It provides strong support for environmental protection and sustainable development, making it one of the highly regarded materials in material science.

Lactic Acid

Basic Information about Lactic Acid

English Name:	Lactic acid
Molecular Weight:	90.078
CAS Number:	50-21-5
Boiling Point:	227.6±0.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Density:	1.3±0.1 g/cm3
Melting Point:	18ºC
Molecular Formula:	C3H6O3
Flash Point:	109.9±16.3 °C
MSDS:	Chinese and American versions available
Appearance:	Colorless to yellowish liquid

Polylactic Acid (PLA)

Basic Information about Polylactic Acid (PLA)

Physical Properties:	Mechanical Properties
CAS Number:	26100-51-6
Molecular Formula:	(C3H4O2)n
Density:	1.20-1.30 kg/L
Melting Point:	155-185°C
Inherent Viscosity IV:	0.2-8 dL/g
Glass Transition Temperature:	60-65°C
Thermal Conductivity:	0.025 λ (w/m*k)
Tensile Strength:	40-60 MPa
Elongation at Break:	4%-10%
Flexural Modulus:	3000-4000 MPa
Flexural Strength:	100-150 MPa

Lactic Acid Characteristics:

a mild acidity and a long-lasting sour taste.

a weak organic acid and is suitable as a pH regulator.

a preservative effect, effectively inhibiting the growth of pathogenic microorganisms and extending the shelf life of food.

a low-volatile liquid, making it easy to use.

Polylactic Acid (PLA) Characteristics:

Biodegradability: Polylactic acid (PLA) is derived from renewable plant resources such as corn starch and possesses excellent biodegradability. After use, it can be completely degraded by microorganisms in the natural environment, ultimately breaking down into carbon dioxide and water, causing no pollution to the environment. Unlike traditional plastics, PLA does not produce harmful gases when incinerated but degrades in the soil, converting the generated carbon dioxide into soil organic matter or being absorbed by plants, thus not contributing to the greenhouse effect. This makes PLA plastic an environmentally significant material, contributing to environmental protection and aligning with the concept of sustainable development.

Excellent Physical and Mechanical Properties: PLA has a processing temperature range of 170-230°C, good thermal stability, and is suitable for various plastic processing methods, including melt extrusion molding, injection blow molding, film blowing molding, foam molding, and vacuum molding. It exhibits printing performance comparable to traditional films and features good gloss, transparency, breathability, and antimicrobial and antifungal properties. Therefore, PLA can be widely used in both industrial and consumer sectors, including the manufacturing of various plastic products, food packaging, disposable meal containers, and non-woven fabrics. Additionally, it can be used to produce agricultural fabrics, healthcare fabrics, wipes, sanitary products, outdoor UV-resistant fabrics, tent fabric, and mats, among other products, with a promising market outlook.

Good Biocompatibility, Safety, and Degradability: PLA can be used to manufacture disposable infusion equipment, suture threads for non-disassembly surgery, and low-molecular-weight polylactic acid for drug release packaging.

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Product Name	CAS	Usage Grade	Specifications
Lactic Acid	50-21-5	Food Grade	1kg 5kg 25kg
Polylactic Acid (PLA)	26100-51-6	General Grade, Thin-Walled Products	1kg 5kg 25kg
Polylactic Acid (PLA)	26100-51-6	Research Grade	1g 5g

Applications of Lactic Acid in the Industry

The food industry is the primary domain where lactic acid finds application, mainly as an acidifier, pH regulator, preservative, flavor enhancer, and moisturizer.

Acidifier: Lactic acid, with its natural sour taste, is used to adjust the acidity of food, improving its taste and texture. For example, adding lactic acid to products like yogurt, probiotic drinks, and fruit juices can enhance their flavor and mouthfeel.

pH Regulator: Lactic acid has a pH value of 2.3-3.0, making it suitable for adjusting the pH of food products. This enhances the stability and taste of foods. For instance, adding lactic acid to meat products, dairy products, and fruit and vegetable products can extend their shelf life and improve their taste.

Preservative: Lactic acid has the ability to inhibit the growth of microorganisms, making it effective in preventing food spoilage. For example, adding lactic acid to meat products, dairy products, and fruit and vegetable products can extend their shelf life.

Flavor Enhancer: Lactic acid provides a refreshing and mild taste, making it suitable for improving the flavor of food products. Adding lactic acid to products like ice cream, chocolate, and biscuits can enhance their taste.

Moisturizer: Lactic acid has excellent moisturizing properties, helping to maintain the moisture content of food products. Adding lactic acid to items such as bread, cakes, and candies can prevent them from becoming dry and hard.

In the feed industry, lactic acid plays another important role, mainly as an acidifier, preservative, growth promoter, and calcium supplement.

Acidifier: Lactic acid, with its natural sour taste, is used to adjust the acidity of feed, improving palatability and increasing animal intake.

Preservative: Lactic acid can inhibit microbial growth, preventing feed from deteriorating. Adding lactic acid to feed can extend its shelf life and reduce feed waste.

Growth Promoter: Lactic acid has the potential to promote animal growth. Adding lactic acid to feed can balance the intestinal microbiota, enhance nutrient absorption, increase feed intake, and accelerate growth.

In the pharmaceutical industry, lactic acid is used in the preparation of antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, and dermatological medications.

Antibacterial Action: Lactic acid exhibits antibacterial properties by inhibiting bacterial growth and, in some cases, killing bacteria. It is effective against various bacteria, including Escherichia coli. The antibacterial effect of lactic acid depends on its concentration and the type of bacteria. Lactic acid-based antibacterial drugs are primarily used to treat infectious diseases like respiratory infections.

Anti-Inflammatory Action: Lactic acid has anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting the release of inflammatory factors and promoting cell proliferation and differentiation. It can reduce inflammatory reactions. Lactic acid-based anti-inflammatory drugs are used to treat inflammatory conditions such as arthritis.

Dermatological Medications: Lactic acid has moisturizing, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, making it suitable for treating skin conditions. It enhances skin hydration, reduces skin inflammation, promotes cell repair, and inhibits the growth of various skin pathogens. Lactic acid-based dermatological medications are used to treat conditions like dermatitis.

In the chemical industry, lactic acid is used to produce chemicals such as polylactic acid (PLA), lactate esters, lactates, and lactide.

Polylactic Acid (PLA): Polylactic acid is a type of biodegradable plastic suitable for manufacturing packaging materials and biomedical materials.

Lactate Esters: Lactate esters, known for their outstanding solubility and lubricating properties, are utilized in the production of cosmetics, lubricants, and paints.

Lactates: Lactates offer excellent buffering and moisturizing properties, making them suitable for the production of detergents, cosmetics, and food products.

Lactide: Lactide exhibits remarkable water-absorbing and moisturizing properties and is employed in the production of skincare products, cosmetics, textiles, and other items.

Polylactic Acid (PLA) Industry Applications

In the Green Packaging Industry

In the green packaging sector, the use of biodegradable materials in food packaging has garnered significant attention due to the aim of reducing adverse environmental impacts. Materials such as Polylactic Acid (PLA), proteins, and starch have been extensively researched for their potential applications. However, these materials often have limited mechanical properties. To enhance their strength, they are typically blended with synthetic polymers for use in various single-use packaging applications. Recent advancements have focused on PLA as a biodegradable material in packaging, biodegradability, and heat resistance. This has provided valuable applications for PLA and its derivatives in sustainable packaging and environmentally friendly applications.

Related Research:
Biodegradable Packaging Materials: Conventional food packaging extensively uses petroleum-based plastics, but due to environmental pollution concerns, researchers are exploring environmentally friendly, biodegradable polymers as alternatives. Biodegradable packaging materials like starch, proteins, and Polylactic Acid (PLA) have emerged, but they often lack the strength of petroleum-based plastics. To increase the strength of packaging materials, these biodegradable materials are often blended with synthetic polymers. They are widely used in single-use packaging applications such as bottles, cold drink cups, trays, wrapping films, and flexible films.

Biodegradation Rate:Among biodegradable polymers, PLA, derived from renewable resources, is an attractive choice due to its excellent processability, biocompatibility, and intriguing physical properties. However, its degradation in aqueous environments limits its applications in areas like automotive, biomedical, electronics and electrical equipment, and agriculture. Therefore, controlling the biodegradation rate of PLA is more critical than its biodegradability itself. Finding additives that can modulate the biodegradation rate of PLA is crucial for adapting it to longer-term applications.

Microbial Communities Enhancing Biodegradation: Understanding the biodegradation of PLA is crucial for dealing with plastic waste and alleviating severe energy crises. In recent years, there have been significant advancements in the research on the biodegradation of PLA, including microbial and biochemical degradation processes. However, efficient methods for PLA biodegradation are still in need of further research. Specific microbial communities involved in PLA biodegradation have been detected through modern molecular biology techniques. However, the establishment of simulation systems for aerobic PLA biodegradation still requires more in-depth research due to the lack of information on process parameters. Research on the synthesis mechanism of PLA, its applications, biochemical degradation processes, degrading microorganisms, and enzymes is essential for simulating aerobic microbial degradation to accelerate PLA degradation.

Thermal Properties of Biodegradable Materials: PLA is a semi-crystalline polymer, and its thermal properties are significantly influenced by structural factors such as crystallinity and grain size. The article systematically analyzes methods to control PLA's crystalline behavior, summarizing the impact of processes like nucleating agents, cross-linking, grafting, and annealing on PLA's crystalline behavior and heat resistance. Furthermore, the article discusses the influence of molecular chain cross-linking and grafting on PLA materials from the perspective of molecular chain movement. The research also elaborates on combining PLA with high-temperature-resistant polymers, fibers, and nanoparticles to introduce rigid structures to improve PLA's mechanical properties and heat resistance. Enhancing the heat resistance of PLA materials is crucial for advancing the application of biodegradable materials and offers broad research and application prospects.

Packaging Films: Preserving and maintaining the quality of fresh agricultural products is the goal of Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP). However, widespread use of plastic packaging films has led to serious environmental issues. To address this problem, research has focused on using biodegradable materials, such as Polylactic Acid (PLA) films, in MAP packaging systems. The study establishes a one-dimensional model to simulate how gases diffuse through micropores and permeate membranes, providing a design tool for PLA-based MAP packaging systems. The results show that, compared to traditional OPP films, PLA films with higher water vapor permeability offer optimization possibilities for biodegradable EMA packaging in specific applications.

In the Textile Fiber Industry

The mechanical and thermal properties of composite fibers have long been a subject of research, especially in improving biodegradable Polylactic Acid (PLA) composite materials. PLA typically exhibits brittleness and low elongation at break. To overcome these limitations, this study employed plasticized PLA and NaOH-treated flax fibers to prepare biocomposite materials. Through a series of testing methods, including tensile testing, thermal weight loss analysis, and dynamic mechanical analysis, the properties of PLA and the composite materials were thoroughly investigated. The research results indicate an improvement in the elongation at break of plasticized PLA, along with a lower glass transition temperature. These findings provide valuable insights into better understanding the characteristics of composite materials, particularly in the context of global environmental pressures, where optimizing the performance of biodegradable PLA composite materials is of significant importance.

Related Research:
Composite Fiber Mechanical and Thermal Properties:PLA typically exhibits brittleness and low elongation at break. The study employed plasticized PLA and NaOH-treated flax fibers to prepare biocomposite materials. The properties of plasticized PLA and composite materials were measured using various testing methods (UTM, TGA, and DMA). The results showed an increase in the elongation at break of plasticized PLA, along with a decrease in the glass transition temperature.

Natural Fiber Blends: Environmental concerns worldwide have driven the development of sustainable biocomposite materials, especially biodegradable polymers like Polylactic Acid (PLA). PLA offers characteristics such as renewability, sustainability, biocompatibility, and compostability. It also saves energy during production and is suitable for applications like 3D printing. While PLA has some drawbacks, such as poor barrier properties and hydrophilicity, blending it with various natural fibers can enhance its performance, reduce costs, and produce competitive commercial products across various fields.

Fiber Tensile Strength and Stiffness: The research focused on improving the performance of Polylactic Acid (PLA) by mixing it with Kenaf short fibers and using triethyl citrate as a plasticizer. While the initial addition of Kenaf fibers reduced the tensile strength and stiffness of pure PLA, the introduction of triethyl citrate improved these properties. The optimal combination involved mixing 30% Kenaf fibers with PLA matrix and adding 5% triethyl citrate. Additionally, dynamic mechanical analysis showed that triethyl citrate enhanced the thermal stability of the biocomposite material. Scanning electron microscopy observations revealed improved adhesion between fibers and the matrix in the presence of the plasticizer.

Composite Material Mechanical Characteristics:The article explores enhancing the mechanical properties, particularly impact resistance, of Polylactic Acid (PLA) composite materials by adding man-made cellulosic fibers (Lyocell). The impact of blending hemp and Lyocell fibers on these properties was studied. Using a PLA matrix and a 40% fiber mass ratio, composite materials were prepared by compression molding, including hemp fiber, man-made Lyocell fiber, and a hemp/Lyocell fiber mixture. The study investigated the tensile and impact performance of these composite materials. The results showed that combining hemp and Lyocell in the composite material increased the impact strength by 160%, compared to composites reinforced only with hemp fibers.

In the Medical Industry

Polylactic Acid (PLA) nanomaterials have various potential applications in the medical field, offering new prospects for wound treatment and healing. This material not only accelerates wound healing but also shows enormous potential in several medical areas, including bone tissue engineering, soft tissue reinforcement, drug delivery carriers, and more. Furthermore, research on its potential toxicity indicates that high concentrations of PLA materials are safe for biological organisms. Therefore, PLA nanofiber polyurethane's multiple applications and unique properties in the medical field have received widespread research and attention.

Related Research:
Wound Dressings: PLA nanofiber structures are considered potential wound dressings due to their key characteristics, including wound moisture management, inhibition of microbial infection, absorption of exudates, biocompatibility, biodegradability, absorption of wound exudates, safety for injured tissue, and the potential for releasing beneficial molecules. The research introduces wound and skin structures, thoroughly discusses the unique characteristics of PLA nanofiber structures in wound healing, and summarizes the latest research developments in their wound treatment applications. These findings provide promising directions for improving wound treatment.

Promoting Wound Healing: Wounds caused by diabetes are challenging to heal due to susceptibility to infection, chronic inflammation, and insufficient vascularization. To address these challenges, a multifunctional nanofiber membrane with antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and pro-angiogenic properties was developed to enhance diabetic wound healing. The study used Poly(L-lactic acid) (PLA) nanofibers to create a porous membrane and then modified it step by step using sulfated chitosan (SCS) and dopamine-gentamicin sulfate (PDA-GS) to control gentamicin release while inhibiting inflammation using dopamine. In vitro experimental results showed that this nanofiber membrane helps modulate macrophages, promote angiogenesis, and accelerate wound healing. Additionally, it exhibited effective antimicrobial properties. In summary, this multifunctional nanofiber membrane presents a potential solution for diabetic wound healing and can be part of the treatment.

Another study loaded curcumin, a naturally extracted substance with multiple biological functions including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and wound healing promotion, into Poly(L-lactic acid) (PLA) nanofibers to leverage PLA's biocompatibility and high surface area. The research showed that this Cur/PLA composite nanofiber exhibited excellent biological characteristics, promoting cell attachment and proliferation, as well as accelerating wound healing in a mouse model. The study suggests that Cur-loaded PLA nanofibers have potential for wound healing and can be used as part of the treatment.

Biodegradable Polyurethane: Researchers successfully synthesized copolymers based on biodegradable Polylactic Acid (PLA) and Polyethylene Glycol (PEG). Experimental results showed that these polyurethane copolymers (PU) had water absorption capacities ranging from 620% to 780%. Cell compatibility evaluation for PU showed low cytotoxicity to Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK293) cells. Wound healing experiments on SD rats revealed that, compared to medical gauze, PU dressings promoted complete coverage of rat skin with new epithelium, causing no significant adverse reactions and faster healing. Histological examination results showed that PU dressings inhibited inflammatory cell infiltration and promoted fibroblast proliferation. Furthermore, the study demonstrated that PULA-alt-PEG significantly outperformed PULA-ran-PEG in terms of healing effects.

Bone Tissue Engineering: Bone tissue engineering represents one of the forefront therapeutic approaches to address non-healing bone defects, relying on the implantation of autologous cells or induced stem cells to promote bone tissue regeneration using natural or synthetic scaffolds. Nanofibers are widely used in bone tissue engineering due to their high surface area-to-volume ratio, highly porous interconnected structure, and surface structure conducive to cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation. Polylactic Acid (PLA) biopolymer is of significant interest in bone tissue engineering due to its ease of processing and degradation rate matching the healing time of human damaged bone tissue. The research extensively covers the latest developments and applications of PLA nanofibers in the field of bone tissue regeneration scaffolds.

Soft Tissue Reinforcement: Host reactions and soft tissue regeneration after the implantation of Polylactic Acid (PLA) grids in a rat model were evaluated and compared with lightweight polypropylene (PPL) and polyethylene glycol (PGA) grids. Results showed that compared to PPL, PLA grid implantation induced a significantly milder inflammatory response, and at 30 and 90 days, vascularization and organized collagen tissue in PLA were significantly higher than in PPL and PGA. Moreover, PLA grids maintained comparable tensile elongation and tensile strength to PPL after 90 days. The study suggests that PLA grid implantation induces a milder inflammatory response and promotes collagen deposition in a more organized manner, maintaining comparable tensile strength after 90 days, offering a potential long-term bioabsorbable solution for soft tissue reinforcement.

Toxicity Assessment Using a Worm Model: The potential toxicity of graphene and PLA-graphene was investigated using the Caenorhabdits elegans (C. elegans) worm model. Adult worms were directly exposed to different concentrations of graphene and PLA-graphene, ranging from 50 µg/mL to 1000 µg/mL. The results showed that these materials did not affect the worm's feeding rate, lifespan, or reproductive ability. At any concentration, graphene and PLA-graphene had no adverse effects on the worms, indicating their safety for biological organisms even at concentrations of up to 1000 µg/mL.

Drug Delivery Carriers: Morphological characteristics of PVA/PLA wound dressing films designed for wound healing treatment and drug delivery carriers were studied. These films were prepared using the X method, where PVA nanofibers were coated with a 4% PLA layer. The research results indicated that the nanofiber film with a 4% PLA coating exhibited high ultimate tensile strength, swelling capacity, and water contact angle. Atomic force microscopy showed that the surface morphology of the PVA nanofiber film with a 4% PLA coating was optimal, and electron scanning microscopy images revealed that these films had a porous fibrous morphology and tight integration with seamless connections. Overall, the study demonstrated that PVA/PLA wound dressing films possess favorable morphological characteristics and can be used for wound healing treatment and as drug delivery carriers.

Tissue Regeneration: Fiber scaffolds have garnered significant attention in the field of tissue regeneration. The study optimized the synthesis parameters of Polylactic Acid (PLA) scaffolds with different concentrations (6%, 7%, and 10%) using an AJS technique. PLA scaffolds exhibited a nanofiber morphology, which was characterized by SEM and FTIR. Culturing mesenchymal stem cells on these scaffolds, in vitro experimental results showed that compared to PLA films, PLA scaffold nanofibers not only enhanced cellular responses but also exhibited non-cytotoxicity. This synthesis method holds promise for convenient preparation of economical biomaterials with wide prospects in tissue regeneration applications.

In the Agricultural Applications

Agricultural cover films have traditionally played a crucial role in agriculture by enhancing crop growth and yields. However, traditional plastic cover films like polyethylene often become sources of environmental pollution after use, as they are difficult to degrade, posing challenges for sustainable agriculture and environmental protection. In recent years, researchers have turned their attention to the application of biodegradable materials, with Polylactic Acid (PLA) gaining significant interest as a biodegradable thermoplastic polymer. The following studies specifically explore the potential of PLA-based agricultural cover films in terms of sustainability, compostability, and interactions with specific microbial activities.

Related Research:
Agricultural Cover Films: The research focuses on PLA-based agricultural cover films, with a particular emphasis on their sustainability, compostability, and interactions with specific microbial activities. By improving the manufacturing process, they optimized the film's performance, assessed its lifespan, and investigated its interaction with specific microbes, highlighting the potential of PLA cover films in sustainable agriculture and environmental protection.

Another study utilized biodegradable Polylactic Acid (PLA) mixed with three different types of thermoplastic starch (TPS) to prepare agricultural cover films, including rice starch (RS), corn starch (CS), and potato starch (PS), and conducted field tests. The study compared the performance of PLA/TPS composite films in the field to commercially available polyethylene films, evaluating their actual effects on the growth of various tropical plants. Additionally, after six months of field testing, aerobic biodegradation studies were conducted to confirm their composting characteristics. The research highlights the potential of PLA-based composite materials as biodegradable cover films in agriculture, especially in sustainable agriculture and environmental protection.

Another study prepared a novel agricultural cover film using a mixture of corn starch (CS), thermoplastic starch (TPS), Polylactic Acid (PLA), and polycaprolactone (PCL). The study evaluated the performance of different PCL content in PLA/CS and PLA/TPS films by studying pure PLA and PCL samples. Results showed that the introduction of PCL had a minimal impact on the properties of PLA/CS and PLA/TPS mixtures. Biodegradation tests demonstrated that using PLA/CS and PLA/TPS mixtures as biodegradable cover films actively promoted tomato plant growth, similar to commonly used low-density polyethylene (LDPE) materials, particularly in terms of temperature, water retention, tomato and weed fresh weight, and chlorophyll content. The research highlights the potential of PLA mixtures as biodegradable cover films in agriculture.

In the Industrial Applications

Among biodegradable plastics, Polylactic Acid (PLA) stands out due to its widespread availability and environmentally friendly characteristics. Not only that, PLA is comparable to traditional plastics in various aspects including mechanical, physical, biocompatibility, and processability, making it suitable for a wide range of industrial applications. Consequently, PLA has become one of the most commonly used biopolymer materials in various industries, including agriculture, automotive, and packaging, driving steady growth in the global PLA market. Overall, bio-based plastics based on PLA have the potential to replace traditional plastics in various application areas, contributing to environmental conservation, sustainability, and economic practicality.

Physical and Thermodynamic Properties: Polylactic Acid (PLA) is a bioplastic known for its biodegradability, biocompatibility, and high strength, making it widely applicable in the medical and industrial fields. The study employed molecular dynamics simulation methods to investigate how the molecular weight of PLA polymers affects their physical and thermodynamic properties. Research results indicated that changes in molecular weight significantly impact the physical properties of the polymer, such as melting point and strength. Additionally, the article discussed parameters like PLA's solubility, providing crucial information for a deeper understanding of the properties of biodegradable polymers.

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